Off-grid systems are decentralized energy systems that operate independently of the main power grid. These systems are typically used in remote locations where connecting to the grid is not feasible or cost-effective. Off-grid systems often rely on renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, or hydropower, combined with energy storage technologies such as batteries or fuel cells. These systems can provide reliable and sustainable electricity to residential, commercial, or industrial users, reducing their dependence on fossil fuels and reducing their carbon footprint. Off-grid systems are also becoming more popular as a backup power source during grid outages or emergencies. Research in off-grid systems focuses on improving the efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of these systems, as well as integrating them with the main power grid for maximum flexibility and resilience.